Edmund F Robertson


Quick Info

Born
1 June 1943
St Andrews, Fife, Scotland

Summary
Edmund F Robertson is known as one of the two originators of the four-yearly Groups St Andrews conferences and one of the two originators and developers of the MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive.

Biography

Edmund F Robertson was the son of Edmund Josef Chojnacki (1912-1998) and Dorothy Mabel Warnes (1914-1994). Edmund Chojnacki, born in Chelmza, Poland, had two younger brothers Léon (shot by the Germans in 1939) and Czeslaw, and two sisters Stephania and Terésa. He was a County Council Employee in Warsaw but, in 1937, with Poland fearing war with Russia and Germany, he became a member of the special plain clothes police force. On 2nd September 1939, when he heard that Britain had declared war against Germany, he left Warsaw, which was already under air attack, and made his way to Romania. He eventually made his way to Britain, via Yugoslavia, north Italy and France. He joined the expeditionary force to Norway, then returned to France. Making his way to Dunkirk he reached England in a small fishing boat. He was eventually sent with other Polish troops to Kinshaldy, near St Andrews in Scotland, to guard the east coast of Scotland in case of invasion from Norway. Dorothy Warnes' father was Frederick Warnes who had served in the Royal Navy then, after retiring, had joined H.M. Coastguard and was posted to St Andrews. Dorothy Warnes had arrived in St Andrews with her parents in 1921. She attended Madras College, then worked for the Post Office. During World War II, she taught communication skills to service men and women.

Edmund Robertson was born at 1 Kinnessburn Terrace, St Andrews. He told the following story in [27]:-
My first educational memory is going with my mother to see the headmaster of Madras College to arrange to start school. We were told that there wasn't a place at the start of the session, and I'd have to start after the New Year. This was good news for me and, worried the headmaster might change his mind, I said "Lets go Mummy". I got my few months reprieve, then began my time at Madras Primary in the building to the right of the main South Street building. My years in primary education were in part spent at home since I had health problems which kept me off school for 18 months.
Fred Warnes, Edmund's grandfather, was a big influence when he was growing up. The two spent lots of time together; Fred taught Edmund to swim in the North Sea and they often went for bus trips. Some of the bus trips were "mystery tours" while others would be all day trips round Scotland. Trips to the north involved crossing the Tay by ferry from Newport since the Tay road bridge had not been built at that time.

He attended Madras College where the subjects he enjoyed best were science and mathematics. He was taught mathematics by John Macdonald, known to as "Dr Jock". Macdonald was an inspiring teacher, especially for the more able pupils. Robertson enjoyed chess and, in his first year in the secondary school joined the chess club. He said [27]:-
I joined the chess club in my first year and played with my classmates. I remember that a group of sixth form pupils came to watch us play and one lad said to his friends "You can't believe that these youngsters are playing the same game as us". One of my greatest joys was beating that sixth form lad in the chess competition a few weeks later. I reached the final, losing to Gavin Brown - later mathematician and vice-chancellor of the University of Sydney.
Another enjoyable time was taking part in a 'teachers versus pupils' chess match and winning against one of his teachers.

Robertson graduated from Madras College in 1961 winning the Tullis prize, the Sir William Robertson prize and being Dux in Science. While in his final year at Madras he had been accepted by the University of St Andrews. Taking the University Bursary Examination, he won a Taylor Thompson Bursary. Madras recommended that he sit the University of St Andrews First Year Mathematics examination while still at school, which he did and passed easily. This did, however, present him with some problems during his university studies since he took a joint degree in Mathematics and Applied Mathematics but was one year out of step with the two topics. He spoke about his undergraduate lecturers in [27]:-
I was an undergraduate at the University of St Andrews, beginning my studies in 1961. Peter Fantham and David Borwein taught me in my first year. Lectures were in the Mathematics Classroom, one floor up at the east end of the quad. The organisation was somewhat less rigorous than today, with Peter Fantham making up the timetable on the back of his cigarette packet, usually (but not always) before lectures were due to start. We got tutorial group notices saying "Tutorial group nn will meet in week mm where n+m=3mod4n + m = 3 \mod 4." In addition to these two lecturers, I was taught pure mathematics by Willie Parnaby, Dorothy Foster, Jim Tatchell, Tom Blyth, and Edward Copson. I was taught applied mathematics by Dan Rutherford, Ron Mitchell, Jack Lambert and Alex Craik among others. I remember that a few weeks before my finals Copson came into the classroom looking very flustered. He explained that they had forgotten to give the differential geometry course. We got a few lectures so we might have a chance at answering the exam questions which had been set by colleagues in Dundee.
During his four years as an undergraduate, Robertson lived at home with his parents. He represented the university at chess and was involved in frequent matches against other clubs in the district. Although he studied for a joint Honours degree in Pure Mathematics and Applied Mathematics, his favourite courses were algebra topics, especially group theory. He enjoyed numerical analysis courses taught in the Applied Mathematics Department. In fact he complained to Ron Mitchell that his numerical analysis course had been too easy; it was only much later that he realised that the course was easy because Ron Mitchell was an outstanding lecturer. Peter Fantham's lecturers were somewhat chaotic but exciting, Jim Tatchell believed in rigorous hard analysis and set difficult examination questions, while Willie Parnaby taught with a nice mix of rigour and informality, and set examination questions with many hints at the solution.

Robertson was awarded a B.Sc. with Honours in Pure and Applied Mathematics in 1965. He had sought advice about the best place to undertake research for a Ph.D. [27]:-
I went to see Copson to ask him for his advice about where I might apply to do research. "They're building a new university in my home town of Coventry", he said, "and I'm really excited about it. Why don't you apply." I did and Rolf Schwarzenberger invited me to visit the new University of Warwick. When I got there it was a building site, but the Mathematics Institute was well away from the rest of the University on the other side of Gibbet Hill Road.
He also applied to the University of Oxford and visited the Mathematical Institute there. He was offered places at both Warwick and Oxford and decided to accept Warwick since, as a brand new university, it offered a marked contrast to the ancient St Andrews. Warwick had a one year M.Sc. degree with course work and thesis. He was advised by Roger Carter and took courses including Group Theory from Roger Carter, Representation Theory by Sandy Green, and Homological Algebra from David Epstein. After examinations with two three-hour papers on each of two consecutive days, Robertson wrote an M.Sc. thesis on Varieties of Groups. He described some of his non-academic activities in [27]:-
I really enjoyed my three years at Warwick. Being a new university, none of the undergraduates knew anything about running societies so it was up to us postgraduates to set up societies. I became the first president of the chess club and also the first president of the astronomy society. We played chess in the Coventry league against car firms such as "Self changing gears", and the Coventry police. I visited the police station so often that I worried people might think I had a criminal record. Most evenings four of us research students would play bridge or Mah-jongg.
Only those who did well enough in the M.Sc. could continue to a Ph.D. Some new members of staff were appointed to Warwick and Robertson worked with Stewart Stonehewer as his Ph.D. thesis advisor. He travelled up to the University of Newcastle to meet up with Stewart Stonehewer before the start of his second year and was given some infinite groups papers to read. He submitted his thesis Classes of Generalised Nilpotent Groups in 1968 and was examined by Brian Hartley as the internal examiner and Jim Roseblade as the external examiner.

In his final year as a postgraduate student, Robertson applied for several lectureships. A position was advertised at the University of St Andrews and he was interviewed for the post. He spoke about this in [27]:-
I was interviewed for a lectureship in St Andrews. At the interview Jim Tatchell said "You never took the course in Lebesgue Integration as an undergraduate. Have you corrected that deficiency now?" I had to admit that I hadn't - and I still haven't! I was appointed and went to see Copson to find out what I'd be teaching in my first year. "You did worst in Paper 1 (Calculus) in your finals," he said, "so you'd better teach that." I did - and enjoyed teaching it. I was lucky - if Jim Tatchell had been head I'd have had to teach Lebesgue integration. It was strange becoming a lecturer in the place I'd been an undergraduate. All my lecturers were now my colleagues. Going into the coffee room for the first time was quite difficult. I was so grateful to Newby Curle, the professor of applied mathematics, who understood it was hard for me and went out of his way to be welcoming.
Appointed as an Assistant Lecturer, Robertson was promoted to Lecturer in Pure Mathematics in 1969 and promoted to Senior Lecturer in Pure Mathematics in 1984. When he was first appointed, Edward Copson was head of the Department, but he retired in 1969 and Jim Tatchell became acting head for the year 1969-70. John Howie was appointed as Regius Professor of Mathematics and Head of the Pure Mathematics Department in 1970.

In 1970, Robertson married Helena Francesca Slebarski (born 1945), the daughter of Tadeusz Boleslaw Slebarski who has a biography in this archive. They had two sons, Colin Edmund Robertson (born 1974) and David Anthony Robertson (born 1978).

On joining the staff in Mathematics at St Andrews, Robertson had two colleagues, Mike Beetham who had written a Todd-Coxeter coset enumeration program, and Colin Campbell who, advised by Willie Moser, had written an M.Sc. thesis on Nathan Mendelsohn's modification of Todd-Coxeter. He became interested in computational group theory and when he heard that Ian D Macdonald, who had produced one of the cleverest ideas in computational group theory, the pp-Nilpotent-Quotient method, had moved from Australia to Stirling in Scotland, he invited him to lecture at St Andrews. They became good friends. Around the beginning of 1979 Ian said that Joachim Neubüser had produced a counter-example to the class breadth conjecture and he wished he could find out the details. Robertson suggested that he could invite Neubüser to come to St Andrews. He came in the summer of 1979 and lectured to a small group including David Johnson who came from Nottingham with his Ph.D. student. While Neubüser was in St Andrews, Robertson asked him if he would be a main speaker if, with Colin Campbell, he organised a bigger conference in 1981. Neubüser agreed, provided the dates were chosen to fit in with the German school holidays. In addition, Campbell and Robertson invited Sean Tobin and Jim Wiegold to be main speakers and they agreed. With large numbers registering for the conference 'Groups St Andrews 1981', Neubüser said we needed more than three main speakers so Derek Robinson was invited. The Groups St Andrews conferences have been held every four years since 1981 (except for a perturbation caused by COVID).
For details of all the Groups St Andrews conferences, see THIS LINK.

Robertson's first work with Colin Campbell on computational group theory led to Donald Coxeter inviting them both to spend a month in Toronto in September 1976. Campbell, Coxeter and Robertson wrote the paper Some families of finite groups having two generators and two relations (1977) which contained the "Fa,b,cF^{a,b,c} conjecture". Robertson, working with George Havas and Dale Sutherland, nearly thirty years later, proved the conjecture to be true in 2006.

Beginning in 1984, Robertson won major research grants; fifteen are listed on his CV. Grants from the SERC allowed the purchase of high powered computers. He was the Scientific coordinator for three major European Union grants: 'Using computer algebra' (1993-94) funded cooperation between St Andrews, Aachen, Trento, five Hungarian Universities; 'Computational Group Theory' (1993-96) funded cooperation between St Andrews, and ten other European Union centres of expertise; and 'Using computer algebra' (1994-96) funded cooperation between St Andrews, RWTH Aachen in Germany, Universita degli studi di Trento in Italy, Lorand Eotvos University in Budapest, Hungary, the Technical University of Budapest in Hungary, Lajos Kossuth University in Debrecen Hungary, and the University of Miskolc in Hungary. These grants funded research assistants, travel, equipment and other expenses. They were all involved in the development of the computer algebra system GAP (Groups, Algorithms, Programming), one of the two leading software packages for algebra and discrete mathematics world-wide.
You can read the final report on the 'Computational Group Theory' grant at THIS LINK.

CIRCA (Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Computational Algebra) was set up by Robertson in 2000 as a University of St Andrews Centre to oversee GAP development. He was Chairman of the International GAP Council from 2003 to 2009.

Robertson is one of the two originators and developers of the MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive, the other being John J O'Connor. Always using the history of mathematics as a small part of teaching any course, from the 1980s he was involved in teaching the History of Mathematics module at the University of St Andrews. With John O'Connor he developed the Mathematical MacTutor Tutorial System. They started development in 1988 and incorporated historical material into the system. In 1994 the software was selected for the finals of the European Academic Software Award which took place in Heidelberg, Germany. John O'Connor suggested putting the historical material onto the World Wide Web which had come into public use in 1993. MacTutor won the European Academic Software Award.
For more information about the beginnings of MacTutor, see THIS LINK.

Let us give some quotes from articles about MacTutor. The Merlot review in 2002 states [19]:-
This site is a rich and growing source of materials pertaining to the history of mathematics including biographies of mathematicians, mathematics in various cultures, time lines, famous curves (with Java interactivity), overview of math history, in-depth coverage of a large number of history topics, and more. Individual pages contain many cross-links and material is well written and useful for both casual and experienced users.
Barnabas Hughes writes in 2007 [14]:-
John J O'Connor and Edmund F Robertson of the School of Mathematics and Statistics at the University of St Andrews deserve the thanks of every teacher of mathematics who wishes to interest oneself or one's students in the history of mathematics.
Tony Mann writes in 2011 [24]:-
Mention must be made of the outstanding Web resource on the history of mathematics, the MacTutor archive, created and maintained by two mathematicians, John J O'Connor and Edmund F Robertson, at the University of St Andrews. This currently includes 2,118 biographies and over 4,000 pictures of mathematicians. It records about 2 million file accesses each week, which reflects its use worldwide. Such a reach must have been unimaginable when MacTutor was first conceived. There is no doubt that much of the work now taking place in the history of mathematics would be impossible without this archive: the use of history of mathematics in education, at the school and the undergraduate level, is so greatly facilitated by MacTutor that I believe the growth in interest in history in mathematics education could not have occurred without the archive.
Daniel Ashlock writes in 2020 [2]:-
... mathematics is the passport to a larger, richer world. The archive of mathematical biographies can make this real for students who have not yet mastered their first deeper mathematics. If you are a teacher, the MacTutor archive is a wonderful resource for enriching a maths class, for final written projects, and to give students a sense of the reach and scope of mathematics. You can simply have the students browse the archives, or you can use it to create ten-minute segments for class about interesting people.
A list of some of the awards won by the MacTutor archive is at THIS LINK.

Robertson was promoted to a Senior Lecturer in Pure Mathematics at University of St Andrews in 1984, then became a Professor of Mathematics in 1995. He retired in 2008 and was made Professor Emeritus. He was head of the School of Mathematical and Computational Sciences from 1997 to 2001. Duties outside the university included serving on the Scottish Mathematical Council 1997-2004, being on the EPSRC Mathematics College 1997-2010, sometimes as chairman, and being a Governor of Morrison's Academy, Crieff 1999-2006. He was elected as Chairman of the Scientific Committee of the British Mathematical Colloquium in April 2005 serving until 2008. The committee organises the scientific programme of the annual British mathematics conference. He was Chair of the History of Mathematics and Teaching of Mathematics Conference held in Tg Mures, Romania (2008), Szeged, Hungary (2010), Sárospatak, Hungary (2012), Cluj-Napoca, Romania (2014), Eger, Hungary (2016), Miskolc, Hungary (2018), Online (2020), and Online (2022).

He has published 13 textbooks on various aspects of algebra, all written jointly with T S Blyth. He has been an editor of around 20 volumes of conference proceedings.

Awards include: Partnership Award for innovation in Mathematics Teaching (1992); European Academic Software Award (1994); American Computational Engineering and Science Award, Department of Energy of the United States of America (1995); Best Mathematics Website Award, Scientific American (2002); Merlot Award (2002); Signum Pro Scientia Absoluta Vera, Hungarian Sciences Society (2008); Comenius Medal, Societas Comeniana Hungarica (2012); and the Hirst Prize and Lectureship, London Mathematical Society (2015).

For more information about the award of the Hirst Prize to John O'Connor and Edmund Robertson, see THIS LINK.

Robertson was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh in 1997. He has served on the Society's Selection Committee B7 (mathematics and statistics), and as an editor of the Society's Proceedings A.


References (show)

  1. J Abram, Review: Algebra through Practice, by T S Blyth and E F Robertson, The Mathematical Gazette 69 (448) (1985), 147.
  2. D Ashlock, MacTutor: Biographical History of Math, Occupy Math (27 August 2020).
    https://occupymath.wordpress.com/2020/08/27/mactutor-biographical-history-of-math/
  3. M Breckon, MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive, Reference Reviews 30 (1) (2016), 27-28.
  4. C M Campbell and E F Robertson, Twenty-Five Years of Groups St Andrews Conferences, MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive.
    https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Extras/Groups_St_Andrews_hist/
  5. C M Campbell and E F Robertson, Twenty-Five Years of Groups St Andrews Conferences, in C M Campbell and E F Robertson (eds.), Groups St Andrews 1981 (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2007), ix-xii.
  6. C M Campbell and E F Robertson (eds.), Groups St Andrews 1981 (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1982).
  7. C M Campbell, Groups in Galway and Groups St Andrews conferences, MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive.
    https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Publications/CMCPaper.pdf
  8. C Colm, MacTutor History of Mathematics website creators honoured by LMS, The Aperiodical (19 July 2015).
    https://aperiodical.com/category/columns/maths-colm/#:~:text=MacTutor%20History%20of%20Mathematics%20website%20creators%20honoured%20by%20LMS&text=Edmund%20Robertson%20%26%20John%20O%27Connor,Andrews.
  9. E Dunne, Links with the MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive, American Mathematical Society (6 November 2016).
    https://blogs.ams.org/beyondreviews/2016/11/06/links-with-the-mactutor-history-of-mathematics-archive/
  10. J H Ellison, MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive, Knowledge Quest; Chicago 27 (3) (1999), 46.
  11. F Gerrish, Review: Algebra through Practice, Books 4, 5, 6 by T S Blyth and E F Robertson, The Mathematical Gazette 70 (452) (1986), 171-172.
  12. S Gómez, M De Domenico, E Omodei, A Solé-Ribalta and A Arenas, Multilayer Networks, in S Battiston, G Caldarelli and A Garas (eds.), Multiplex and Multilevel Networks (Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2019), 1-30.
  13. B Hughes, St Andrews History of Mathematics Archive, Convergence (July 2007).
  14. B Hughes, St Andrews History of Mathematics Archive, Mathematical Association of America (2007).
    https://maa.org/press/periodicals/convergence/st-andrews-history-of-mathematics-archive
  15. G Leversha, Review: Basic Linear Algebra by T S Blyth and E F Robertson, The Mathematical Gazette 87 (509) (2003), 390.
  16. D Levine, Review: Algebra through Practice, Books 4, 5, and 6 (L, P) by T S Blyth and E F Robertson, The Mathematics Teacher 79 (6) (1986), 479.
  17. London Mathematical Society Hirst Prize and Lectureship, School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of St Andrews (30 June 2015).
    https://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/mathematics-statistics/news/title-97419-en.php
  18. N Lord, Review: Essential Student Algebra by T S Blyth and E F Robertson, The Mathematical Gazette 71 (455) (1987), 91.
  19. MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive, Merlot (19 July 2002).
    https://www.merlot.org/merlot/viewCompositeReview.htm?id=163304
  20. MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive, Applied Math and Science Education Repository (2008).
    https://amser.org/r6518/the_mactutor_history_of_mathematics_archive
  21. MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive, Academic Accelerator (2015).
    https://academic-accelerator.com/encyclopedia/mactutor-history-of-mathematics-archive
  22. MacTutor (MT) History of Mathematics Archive, Internet Scout (12 July 1996).
    https://archives.internetscout.org/r573/mactutor_mt_history_of_mathematics_archive
  23. MacTutor History of Mathematics: General Relativity, Physical Sciences Resource Center (1 May 1996).
    https://psrc.aapt.org/items/detail.cfm?ID=5146
  24. T Mann, History of Mathematics and History of Science, Isis 102 (2011), 518-526.
  25. P Neumann, The Inaugural LMS Hirst Lecture, London Mathematical Society Newsletter 459 (2016), 12-13.
  26. Records of Proceedings at LMS Meetings. Inaugural Hirst Lecture and Ordinary Meetings: 20 April 2016, London Mathematical Society Newsletter 459 (2016), 22,
  27. E F Robertson, 60 years in education, Retiral speech (August 2008).
  28. E F Robertson and C M Campbell, Proceedings of Groups St Andrews 1985 (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1986).
  29. P Shiu, Review: Basic Linear Algebra by T S Blyth and E F Robertson, The Mathematical Gazette 83 (496) (1999), 175.
  30. L D Steele, MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive, Canadian Review of Materials 3 (17) (April 1997).
    https://www.cmreviews.ca/cm/vol3/no17/mathtutor.html
  31. The MacTutor Archive, ThatsMaths (1 January 2015).
    https://thatsmaths.com/2015/01/01/the-mactutor-archive/

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Written by J J O'Connor and E F Robertson
Last Update March 2024