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Andrew Gordon Speedie Pask
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Derby, England
London, England
Biography
Gordon Pask's parents were Mary and Percy Pask. Percy was a partner in the firm of Pask, Cornish and Smart, a wholesale fruit business in Covent Garden, London. Gordon had two older brothers, Alfred Pask who became a Methodist minister and Edgar Pask who became a Professor of Anaesthetics. There was a 20 year age difference between Gordon and his elder brothers. Although born in Derby, the family moved to the Isle of Man when Gordon was a baby and he spent his early years there. As a child his health was very poor and doctors gave him little chance of reaching adulthood but, despite spending long periods confined to his bed, he survived.He was educated at Rydal School in North Wales. He then studied geology at Bangor Technical College, and Mining Engineering at Liverpool Polytechnic, before entering Downing College, Cambridge, to study medicine. In fact he graduated with a degree in natural science rather than medicine in 1952. In the following year he founded System Research Ltd with Robin McKinnon-Wood (1931-1995) [5]:-
For thirty years, he was the company's director of research. Gordon was successful in attracting funding from a wide range of agencies (including the United States Air Force, Ministry of Defence, Department of Employment, and the Social Science Research Council). His research teams carried out research on skill acquisition, styles and strategies of learning, learning in groups, knowledge and task analysis, processes of design, decision-making, problem-solving and learning to learn.In 1956 Pask married Elizabeth Poole; they had two daughters, Amanda (born 1961) and Hermione (born 1967).
Pask produced a variety of computers, not the conventional type of computer that will come to mind, but rather electro-mechanical, chemical and biological computers. Fascinated by the theatre, he painted and designed stage sets. In 1953 he produced a computer to control a collection of lights which would adapt the scene to the performance of a musician on the stage. Three years later he developed another computer, this time a teaching system for playing a keyboard which was adaptive. In these, and other, inventions he was attempting to reproduce intelligent behaviour and the key to this he believed was interaction. Among his work from this period is Self-organizing systems (1960) and, jointly with Heinz von Foerster, A predictive model for self organizing systems:-
... a two-part methodological article which sets forth the game-theoretic framework associated with a program of experimental work on constrained competitive and cooperative activity.In 1961 he published his first major book An Approach to Cybernetics, still an excellent introduction to the topic although written almost half a century ago. He was awarded a PhD in psychology from University College, University of London, in 1964. He was appointed as Professor of Cybernetics at Brunel University in 1969, a post he held until his death. He also had numerous appointments as Visiting Professor, more notably at the Institute of Educational Technology of the Open University from 1974 to 1979 and the Centre for Innovation and Co-operative Technology of the University of Amsterdam, but also at the University of Illinois, the University of Mexico, the Georgia Institute of Technology, Old Dominion University in Norfolk, Virginia and Concordia University in Montreal.
Let us give just a few example from the large number of papers and books which Pask wrote. Two of his books were published in 1975. We mention first The cybernetics of human learning and performance:-
The author wrote this book in the belief that an intelligent layman is frequently just as able to grasp the ideas he presents as someone well versed in mathematics. He offers all these readers either a guidebook to cybernetics and general system theory, or as a cybernetic/system-theoretic, global approach to experimental psychology, depending on the readers' preferences. The coverage is vast and ranges in depth from very superficial to highly innovative. There is much to stimulate a creative mathematician who can discover the hidden gems in this book to generate new mathematics ...Probably the most famous concept he introduced was 'Conversation Theory' which was the topic of the other book which he published in 1975 Conversation, cognition and learning and also of one he published in the following year Conversation Theory: Applications in Education and Epistemology. The initial ideas for Conversation Theory came from a slightly unlikely source, namely work that System Research undertook to assist baggage handling at London's Heathrow airport. He:-
.... conceived human-machine interaction as a form of conversation, a dynamical process, in which the participants learn about each other.Other books include Calculator Saturnalia, or, Travels with a Calculator (1981), Microman Living and growing with computers (1982), and Interactions of Actors (1993). He also wrote a collection of short stories Adventures with Professor Flaxman-Low (1993).
Pask received many honours for his remarkable contributions to education and to cybernetics. For example he was awarded a DSc from the Open University for his contribution to Educational Technology in 1974, and a ScD by Downing College, Cambridge in 1995. He received the first award of the "Ehrenmitgleid" from the Austrian Society for Cybernetic Studies, and the Norbert Wiener Gold Medal from the American Society for Cybernetics. He was elected to the Austrian Society for Cybernetic Studies, the American Society for Cybernetics, the Society for Instructional Technology, the Society of Applied Psychology, the International Association of Cybernetics, the British Computer Society, and elected a fellow of the UK Cybernetics Society (he was chairman from 1976 to 1979), the British Psychological Society, the Royal Statistical Society, and the New York Academy of Sciences.
He died at the comparatively young age of 67, but his death was not unexpected since he had been battling against a serious illness for several years. However he faced the illness with great bravery and remained cheerful through difficult circumstances.
Although we have indicated some of his brilliant contributions, we have not yet attempted to look at the personality of this eccentric genius. Ted Nelson writes [2]:-
Gordon Pask is one of the maddest mad scientists I have ever met. He is also one of the nicest. An eloquent English leprechaun who dresses the Edwardian dandy, Pask sows awe wherever he goes. ... Pask is one of the great international fast-talkers, conference-hopping round the globe from Utah to Washington to his project at the Brooklyn Children's Museum. ... In a field full of brilliant eccentrics Pask has no difficulty standing out.Another view of Pask appears in [5]:-
Gordon Pask was a rare man. He was an original; an eccentric in the best sense; gifted as a scientist, artist, lyricist. His peers in academic life have regularly acknowledged his genius. He had an exceptionally productive career (several books, over two hundred published papers). His many contributions are still being assimilated in psychology, educational technology, cybernetics and systems science.A similar picture is painted in [3]:-
From the intensity with which he lived, perhaps his own body suffered the most. Waking him for his evening dinner guests, after his long nights of work and short days of sleep, entailed a delicate balance of firmness and compassion. While waiting I could review the fruits of his night's work - perhaps a new song lyric or research paper. Before the jacket and bow-tie and cape could go on, here was this mad and brilliant creature, all sinew, rising to dazzle and demand of us, and of himself, once more.
References (show)
- R Glanville and B Scott, About Gordon Pask, in Gordon Pask, Remembered and Celebrated, Part I, Kybernetes 30 (5/6), (2001), 507-508.
- T H Nelson, Ted Nelson on Gordon Pask, Computer Lib/Dream Machines (1974).
- P Pangaro, Gordon Pask : Dandy of Cybernetics, The Guardian (16 April, 1996).
- L Rocha, Obituary for Professor Gordon Pask, International Journal of General Systems 26 (3) (1996), 219-222.
- B Scott, Obituary for Professor Gordon Pask, The Independent (1996).
Additional Resources (show)
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Written by J J O'Connor and E F Robertson
Last Update December 2008
Last Update December 2008